1) 128th General Assembly and State
News: The
Ohio
House and Senate will not hold sessions this
week, but some House committees are meeting.
*Governor
Strickland appointed on April 14, 2010
Judge Eric Brown of the Franklin County Probate
Court to the Ohio Supreme Court. Judge Brown
replaces the late Chief Justice of the Ohio
Supreme Court, Tom Moyer, who died unexpectedly
on April 2, 2010. Judge Brown is also a candidate
for the Chief Justice position
in the General
Election in November
2010. Judge Brown will
assume
the position on May 3, 2010. Currently
Justice Paul Pfeifer is serving as acting Chief
Justice.
*Update of the University System's Strategic
Plan: Ohio
Board of Regents Chancellor, Eric
Fingerhut,
released on April 16, 2010 the first
of five updates for Ohio's Strategic Plan for
Higher Education, first issued on March 31, 2008.
The
report includes information about the goals
and metrics being used to track how well the
University System of Ohio improves education
attainment, including graduating more students;
keeping graduates in Ohio, and attracting more
talent to Ohio.
Future reports
will detail the status of the strategic plan related to
-University System of Ohio: Structure
-Relationship with K-12 System and Technology Infrastructure
-Relationship with Business Community
-System Finances - Managing Resources Efficiently
For information about the Strategic Plan updates,
please visit
http://www.uso.edu/strategicplan/updates/overview.php.
2) Update from the U.S.
DOE
*U.S. Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan,
presented on April 14, 2010 testimony to the
Senate Appropriations Subcommittee
on Labor,
Health, and Human
Services, chaired by Senator
Tom
Harkin, on the proposed federal budget for
FY2011, and also included information about the
proposed re-authorization of the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Also testifying
on April 14th were Ramon C. Cortines,
Superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School
District; Chris Bern, President of the Iowa
State
Education Association;
Dr. Joseph B. Morton,
State
Superintendent of Education, Alabama State
Department of Education, Montgomery, Alabama; and
Mr. Marc Herzog, Chancellor, Connecticut
Community College, Hartford, Connecticut.
Secretary
Duncan's testimony included a request
that Congress consider emergency support for
America's schools to prevent the loss of between
"100,000 and 300,000 education jobs". The
support would be similar to the aid provided
through the American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act during the 2008-09 and 2009-2010
school years.
According to the testimony, the Obama
administration's blueprint for the
re-authorization of ESEA focuses on three
strategies:
-create a fair system of accountability that
rewards, rather than stigmatizes, schools
and
educators
-give states and districts more flexibility to improve
-focus resources and support on students most
at
risk in low-performing schools
and schools with
large on-going
achievement gaps
According to the testimony, the administration's
budget request,
"...supports continuing formula funding
for
low-income and special education
students, and
teachers and principals,
as well as students
learning
English, and other diverse populations
from rural to migrant to homeless.
But we also know
that kids at risk are not
well-served
by the status quo which is why we
want
to continue driving reform with competitive
programs.
So with our budget request we hope to continue
Race to the Top, the Investing
in Innovation
fund, and programs
to get great teachers and
principals
in schools and classrooms where they
are needed most."
The administration also requests that the
budget
include the Early Learning
Challenge Fund, which
was not
included in the Student Lending bill;
address shortfalls in the Pell grant program; and
address increased administrative costs associated
with the shift to 100 percent direct funding of
student loans.
To read the testimony
please visit
http://www2.ed.gov/news/speeches/2010/04/04142010.html.
*U.S. Senator Tom Harkin introduced on April
14,
2010 the "Keep Our
Educators Working Act".
Senator
Harkin is chair of the Health, Education,
Labor and Pensions Committee and the Senate
Appropriations Committee on Labor, Health, and
Human Services.
The proposed
bill will create a $23 billion
Education
Jobs Fund to help keep teachers,
principals,
librarians, and other school
personnel
on the job, and is modeled after the
State Fiscal Stabilization Fund (SFSF) that was
established in the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act.
According to
the press release, "The SFSF is
currently supporting more than 300,000 education
jobs, such as teachers, principals, librarians,
and counselors, and is widely credited with
mitigating the impact of the recent recession.
However, even with the SFSF, schools across the
country have laid off workers, and the job
outlook is worse for the 2010-2011 school year.
Additional resources are needed to help states
and districts avoid a "funding cliff" that would
result in even more layoffs."
For more information please visit
http://help.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/?id=f5ed0e1b-698d-44a6-a762-f1374a133c7c&groups=Chair.
*The U.S. Departments of Education (ED) and
Health and Human Services (HHS)
will hold a
series of Listening
and Learning About Early
Learning
meetings in April and May. The meetings
will be held from 10:00 AM to 3:30 PM on the
following dates:
-Understanding
Preschool - Grade 3 Structures:
Friday,
April 23, 2010, at the LBJ Auditorium in
the Lyndon Baines Johnson Building, 400 Maryland
Ave. S.W., Washington, D.C.
-Workforce and
Professional Development: Monday,
April
26, 2010, in the auditorium at the Center
for Early Education, 3245 E. Exposition Avenue,
Denver, CO
-Family Engagement: Tuesday, May 4, 2010,
at the
Orange County Public
Schools Educational
Leadership
Center, 445 W. Amelia Street, Orlando,
FL
-Standards and Assessments: Tuesday, May 11,
2010, at the Polk Bros. Lecture
Hall at the
Erikson Institute,
451 N. LaSalle Street,
Chicago,
IL
Registration: To attend or speak at a meeting,
you must register at
http://www.fsaregistration.ed.gov/profile/web/index.cfm?PKWebId=091942aeb2&varPage=agenda.
For more information please visit
http://www.ed.gov/blog/2010/04/listening-and-learning-about-early-learning-tour-announced-for-dc-denver-orlando-and-chicago/
3) This Week at the Statehouse
The House Ways and Means Committee, chaired by
Representative Letson, will meet on April 20,
2010 at 9:30 AM in Hearing Room 114 to hear
testimony on HB464 (Winburn)
Wind/Solar Energy.
The bill
would exempt qualifying wind and solar
energy facilities from property taxation for up
to 20 years, and require payments in lieu of
taxes on the basis of each megawatt of production
capacity of such facilities.
4)
State Board of Education Meets: The State
Board of Education, Debbie Cain president, met on
April 12 & 13, 2010 at the Ohio School for the
Deaf, 500 Morse Road, Columbus, Ohio.
MEETING
ON APRIL 12, 2010
The Executive Committee, chaired by President
Cain, discussed the tentative
schedule and work
session for
the 2010 State Board of Education
Retreat,
which will be held on June 12-13, 2010
at the Central Ohio Educational Service Center in
Columbus. Board members discussed the need for
the State Board of Education to create a policy
map (that identifies gaps), and develop an
accountability system (with
rational measures) to
assess
the progress of the State Board of
Education.
The committee also discussed the November 8-9,
2010 meeting, which will be held in conjunction
with the OSBA Capital Conference. The committee
discussed inviting up to five
school districts to
present
what they are doing to promote 21st
Century
Skills during the SBE meeting, and
participating
in the OSBA Student Achievement
Fair.
ACHIEVEMENT COMMITTEE
The Achievement Committee, chaired by Mike
Collins, discussed operating standards,
information security rules, and revised academic
content standards for schools. The presentation
that was scheduled regarding accountability was
postponed until May.
*Operating Standards:
The Achievement Committee
discussed
and approved a resolution of intent to
adopt amended Rule 3301-35-04 of Operating
Standards, to correct language to require (not
permit) chartered nonpublic schools to offer
credit flexibility. In March the SBE adopted an
"intent" resolution to amend Operating Standards,
Rules 3301-35-01-06, which includes this
provision. The SBE is scheduled to adopt the
revised Operating Standards in July 2010.
*HB648, Information Security Rules: Francis
Pompey, Chief Operating Officer, presented to the
committee information about proposed rules
regarding security information,
established in
ORC 1347.15 (HB648).
The rules will specify who
at
the ODE will have access to confidential
information; why they should have access; and
which supervisors shall have access. The SBE is
scheduled to approve an "intent" to adopt these
rules in May 2010, with final approval in
September 2010.
*Update on the revision of academic content
standards: In response to a question from the
committee regarding legislation that has been
introduced to postpone the adoption
of academic
content standards
in science and social studies,
Stan
Heffner, Associate Superintendent, Center
for Curriculum and Assessment, informed the
committee that the ODE was ready to meet the June
deadline to adopt revised academic content
standards in all areas, including English
language arts, math, science, and social studies.
The SBE will then have two to three years to
implement the model curricula and develop aligned
assessments. During the next two to three years
school districts will have time to participate in
professional development activities to adjust
to
the new standards. Also during
this time
technical changes
to the standards can be made
when
the need arises. Adopting the standards now
will support Ohio's Race to the Top application,
and ensure that Ohio has access to federal
resources.
Chairman Collins expressed support for the
three
phase process used to
revise Ohio's Comprehensive
Education
System, and noted that if changes in
the standards are needed they can be made.
In response to
questions about the public support
for
the science and social studies standards,
Denny Thompson, Director of Curriculum and
Instruction, explained that the model curricula,
now under development, addresses many issues
raised by educators through the online surveys
and regional meetings. Additional stakeholder
meetings are being scheduled to gather
information from the field to include in the
model curricula, which will be interactive
and
web-based.
Kim Mullen, ODE Associate Director for Science
and Technology, further explained how some of the
concerns expressed by educators and scientists
about the standards are being
addressed through
the model
curricula. For example, there were many
comments from educators and scientists about the
science standards focusing too much on students
memorizing lists of facts. She shared a template
from the draft model curriculum for science that
shows how Learning Expectations in the model
curriculum would include Designing
Technological/Engineering Solutions
using Science
Concepts; Demonstrating
Science Knowledge;
Communicating
and Analyzing Science Concepts; and
Recalling
Science Concepts and Procedures. The
document also identifies in the model
technological literacy, environmental literacy,
and 21st Century skills.
Virginia Moore,
ODE consultant for social
studies,
reviewed some of the changes that have
been made in the social studies standards as a
result of educator feedback. The ODE is
proposing a new course in world geography, and
has made global connections more explicit.
Adjustments have been made to the scope and
sequence in grades 5-8, and
social studies skills
will be
explicitly stated within each strand,
rather than embedded. The "Eye of Integration"
for social studies includes Interdisciplinary
Connections including those for the arts and
technology.
Brad Findell, ODE Mathematics Initiatives
Administrator, and Sasheen Phillips,
Associate
Director of the Office
for Curriculum and
Instruction,
reviewed the math and English
Language
Arts Common Core standards. Stakeholders
were able to provide feedback on the Common Core
online through April 2, 2010, and much
information has been gathered from focus groups
and regional meetings on the standards held in
March. The final version of the Common Core
standards is expected to be available in May
2010. Although states may add 15 percent
additional content to the Common
Core, Ohio is
not planning to
do so.
Board members asked questions about the following:
-how will educators be motivated to integrate
the standards?
-are primary sources
included in the standards and at what grade levels?
-will the model curricula be in a printable format?
-do the standards include world geography?
-is recent literature included in the Common Core English standards?
-how operational are the standards....how will
teachers be prepared....will students be prepared?
Chairman Collins recommended that the committee
consider extending its meeting in May to afford
the public time to come and discuss the standards
with the Board before the standards
are voted on
in June 2010. The
Board will consider a
resolution
of intent to adopt the standards in
May
2010.
CAPACITY COMMITTEE
The Capacity Committee, chaired by Rob Hovis and
co-chaired by Kristen McKinney discussed the
following four items:
-Anti-Harassment, Anti-Intimidation or
Anti-bullying Model Policy: The committee
received an update on the policy and changes that
are being proposed for the Anti-Harassment,
Anti-Intimidation or Anti-bullying
Model Policy
required by passage
of 128-Sub. HB 19. Violence
within
a dating relationship will be added to the
policy, but action on this item is pending as the
ODE reviews the definition of "violence" within a
dating relationship and the inclusion of dating
violence as an allegation of criminal misconduct.
-Senior Professional and Lead Professional
Educator License Rules (3301-24-16 and
3301-24-17) and Professional or Associate License
Renewal (3301-24-08): The committee approved
a
motion to move to the full
board the proposed new
Senior
Professional and Lead Professional
Educator
License Rules and proposed amendments to
the Professional or Associate License Renewal
Rule.
Cyndi Yoder, Executive Director Center for
the
Teaching Profession, presented
information about
proposed new
rules 3301-24-16 and 17, which
include
the criteria for educators to obtain a
Senior Professional Education License and Lead
Professional Educator License in Ohio.
Current
Rule 3301-24-08 is also being amended to
align the current professional teacher license
within the framework of Ohio's new teacher
licensure system.
The changes are
the result of 128-HB1, which
restructured
Ohio's teacher licensure system, and
established a new career ladder for educators.
The
timeline calls for the State Board to approve
an intent to adopt these rules in May 2010, and
adopt the rules in September, 2010.
-Transition
to and development of Resident
Educator
Program: Lou Staffilino, Associate
Superintendent
for the Center for the Teaching
Profession,
presented information about the new
resident
educator license program, also included
in 128-HB1. This license replaces, by January
2011, the two year provisional license. The SBE
approved in September 2009 a transition program
for 2009-2011 as the Resident Educator Program
is
developed and the provisional
license ends.
-School/district operational waivers: Francis
Pompey Chief Operating Officer,
and Kim Murnieks,
Executive
Director for the Center for the School
Options and Finance, presented to the committee
information about standards for operational
waivers included in 128-HB1 (ORC §3306.40). The
SBE is required to adopt standards for approval
or disapproval of requests from schools/school
districts for waivers from rules regarding the
expenditure of funds (ORC §3306) and operating
standards (ORC §3301.07 (D)(3)). School districts
must apply for a waiver through the
Superintendent, who will make the decision. The
waivers will be approved on a school-year basis
(July 1 - June 30); can be effective for period
not to exceed five school years;
and can be
renewed.
The committee requested that the Board
provide information about the number and types of
waivers that have been granted in the past.
21st
CENTURY LEARNING SUBCOMMITTEE
The
21st Century Learning Subcommittee, chaired
by Steve Millett, reviewed and approved the
subcommittee's recommendations related to 21st
century learning in Ohio. The SBE received a
presentation about the recommendations on April
13, 2010. (See summary below.)
ADVOCACY
AND OUTREACH SUBCOMMITTEE
The
Advocacy and Outreach Subcommittee, chaired
by John Bender, discussed a proposed State
Legislative Platform for 2011-2012, and briefly
discussed legislation before the Ohio General
Assembly.
*Jeannette Oxender and Gregg Dennis reviewed
with
the Board a draft State
Legislative Platform,
which
will guide the advocacy efforts of the SBE,
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the
Ohio Department of Education. The timeline
provides that the Board approve the State
Legislative Platform in July 2010.
The
draft state platform is modeled after the
federal platform, which the Board has adopted in
the past. The draft platform is aligned to the
SBE's vision document and includes
recommendations for each of the following goals:
-Teaching 21st Century Knowledge and Skills for Real-World Success
-Supportive Learning Environments
-Personalized Learning for All Students
-Data Systems and Technology to Improve Student Learning
-Quality School Options
-School District Flexibility
-Innovative Technical Assistance
According to the presentation, several of the
draft recommendations have been included in the
SBE's policy and legislative recommendations in
the past, but some of the recommendations are
new. For example, under Supportive Learning
Environments, the platform includes a
recommendation to include "adopting national
health education standards."
Under Personalized Learning the draft includes a
recommendation to "....reduce the number of
categories of giftedness that LEAs are required
to identify, require that LEAs
provide services
to children
identified as having superior
cognitive
ability, and require that gifted
children
be periodically re-evaluated."
Under Quality School Options the draft includes
a
recommendation to "limit
community school
expansion of
grade levels to only community
schools
that are in continuous improvement
status."
Subcommittee members asked questions to clarify
the recommendations; recommended that some
recommendations be moved to other goal
statements; and suggested that other areas,
such
as special education, be
included in the
recommendations.
The subcommittee will also need
to
evaluate the recommendations to ensure that
they are "big idea" policy recommendations,
rather than implementation issues, concerns, or
technical changes.
With time running
out, the subcommittee postponed
discussion
about several bills pending in the
Ohio
General Assembly until the May subcommittee
meeting.
BOARD RECOGNITION
The Board recognized Kyle Elementary School, Troy
City School District, and Wells Academy,
Steubenville City School District, as National
Title 1 Schools.
BUDGET DISCUSSION:
STANDARDS AND ASSESSMENTS
Following lunch the Board received a budget
presentation about funding for
Ohio's academic
content
standards and assessment system led by
Kelly Weir, Director, Office of Budget and
Planning, and Stan Heffner, Associate
Superintendent, Center for Curriculum and
Assessment.
According to the presentation, the
Superintendent's proposed FY12-13 budget
recommendations will be presented
to the Budget
Subcommittee,
chaired by Dennis Reardon, on June
13,
2010, and will be presented to the full Board
in July 2010.
Stan Heffner provided the Board with information
about the budgets of two of
three offices
included in the
Center for Curriculum and
Assessment:
Curriculum and Instruction, and
Assessment. The third office is Career and
Technical Education.
The presentation
included an overview of the
revision
of academic content standards in math,
English language arts, social studies, and
science, and the process used to develop the
revised standards. These standards will be
adopted by the State Board of Education in June
2010, and the model curricula in these content
areas will be adopted in March 2011. There will
be a three year transition period before these
standards take effect.
After the first
set of standards is complete,
standards
in the fine arts, foreign languages,
computer literacy (technology), financial
literacy, and business education will be revised.
These standards are set to be adopted,
tentatively by the Board, in June 2012, and the
model curricula adopted tentatively by the Board
in June 2013.
The ODE budget
for the content standards is $5.3
million
in FY10 and $5.3 million in FY11.
The Office of Curriculum and Instruction includes
consultants in the following
areas (Budget = $5.3
million):
-nine consultants for English language arts
-seven consultants for math
-eight consultants for science, technology, and library media
-five consultants for social studies
-one consultant in the fine arts
-two consultants for foreign languages
-one consultant for physical education
-two management and seven support staff
The Office of Curriculum and Instruction also
supports the following federally supported
programs in its budget:
-English Language Acquisition to support 42,000
LEP students in 287 school districts in Ohio.
(Budget = $8.1 million in FY10
and $8.1 million
in FY11.)
-Mathematics and Science Partnership.
There are
three projects
managed through this program.
(Budget
= $5.6 million in FY10 and $5.5 million
in FY11.)
-Educational
Technology: Two programs are
included in this program, Education Technology
and Title II Technology -- Federal Stimulus.
School districts and community schools can
compete for these federal grants. In FY10 103
school districts and 8 community schools are
participating.
-Reading First. This federal program helps low
performing high poverty school districts
implement research-based literacy interventions
in kindergarten through grade three.
The program
is being
phased-out at the federal level. In
FY10 the program provided $27 million, and in
FY11 the program will provide $24 million.
The
Office of Assessment is supported by a budget
of $69.6 million in FY10 and $69.5 million in
FY11. The Office develops and facilitates the
testing of students, including test development,
production, distribution, collection, scoring,
and reporting for the following
assessments:
-Ohio Achievement
Assessments
-Ohio Graduation
Test
-Alternative Assessments
-Diagnostic Assessments
-and Ohio Test of English Language Acquisition (OTELA)
The Office of Assessment is required to implement
several provisions of 128-HB1 over the next few
years. This includes aligning
the Ohio
Achievement Assessments
with the revised academic
content
standards; replacing the Ohio Graduation
Tests with a nationally standardized test in
English language arts, math, and science;
developing a series of end-of-course exams
aligned to the revised academic content
standards; and developing rules for the
implementation of a senior project.
The
Office of Assessment also supports the GED
program ($1.8 million in FY10 and $1.8 million in
FY11) and programs administered by the National
Center for Education Statistics ($300,000 in FY10
and $300,000 in FY11). According to the
presentation, 27,223 GED tests were administered
to 24,368 students during FY 2009 through 99
testing centers around the state.
Fee waivers
for students
taking the GED were eliminated for
FY10-11.
Board members asked questions about the following:
-How were members of the higher education
community involved in the development of the
standards?
-How much testing will there be?
-Can teachers administer the social studies
assessment even though the state does not
have to
administer it in FY10-11?
-How are special education students assessed?
-What is the cost of the end of course exams?
-Are there funds for communication about the
revised standards and activities?
STAKEHOLDER PRESENTATIONS
Representatives from the Ohio Alliance for Arts
Education presented their legislative and policy
recommendations for FY12-13 to the Board.
Participating in the presentation were Susan
Witten, Director of Teaching and Learning for the
Hamilton Local School District, Joan Platz,
Information Coordinator for the OAAE, and Janelle
Hallet, assistant to the executive director of
the OAAE. Roger Hall, executive director of the
Ohio Music Education Association was also
introduced.
The
OAAE requested that the State Board of
Education support the following legislative and
policy recommendations as it develops its
legislative recommendations and budget
recommendations for FY12-13:
-Develop
guidelines for implementing quality arts
education programs in Ohio's schools.
The OAAE requests that the State Board of
Education develop and implement with stakeholders
guidelines for quality arts education programs in
Ohio's schools as it revises the academic content
standards and model curricula in the fine arts.
These guidelines would complement the academic
content standards and provide a "road map" for
school districts and schools to use to assess and
improve the quality of their arts education
programs.
-Integrate arts education into the fabric of ODE
work to improve student achievement.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act 2001
(ESEA) defines the arts as a "CORE" academic
subject for all students to learn. (Title IX,
Part A, Section 9101 Definitions). This means
that arts education programs and teachers
are
eligible for federal funds
for teacher training,
technology,
school reform, Title 1 school wide
programs,
and extended learning opportunities.
The Obama administration's recommendations
for
re-authorizing ESEA also
recommend that students
have
access to a well-rounded education that
includes the arts, and recently the Board of
Directors of the Council of Chief State School
Officers approved a recommendation to include in
the re-authorization of ESEA the collection of
key data in all CORE subjects and in statewide
longitudinal data systems
(SLDS).
As the State Board of Education and Ohio's
educators consider policy issues
such as college
and career-
readiness goals and improving
low-performing
schools, the OAAE recommends
integrating
the arts into the work of the ODE and
including arts education in the Ohio CORE;
annually collecting and disseminating data on the
number of students taking arts courses and
student achievement in the arts; and encouraging
school districts to engage the arts in
whole-school reform.
-Include the
arts in Ohio's assessment system for schools.
A complete learning system includes standards,
curriculum, instruction, assessment, and teacher
development. Ohio's Operating Standards for
Ohio's Schools requires that school districts
"provide for an assessment system that aligns
with their courses of study" and includes
"regular assessment of student performance."
Since there are no state level assessments in the
arts, school districts are responsible for the
design and implementation of the assessment
system aligned to their adopted
courses of study
in the arts.
The OAAE requests that the ODE develop, or
identify existing, rigorous assessments in the
arts for school districts to use at the local
level, and encourage school
districts to assess
students
in the arts. Assessments in the arts
should be incorporated into the revision of the
academic content standards and
the development of the model curricula in the
arts. The Ohio Music Education Association is
currently developing a 4th grade music
assessment, which could become a template for
developing other Ohio-based assessments in the
arts.
The results of these assessments can then
be used
to provide data about
student achievement in the
arts;
evaluate the quality of arts education
programs in Ohio's schools; improve professional
development; and improve teacher preparation
programs in the arts. School districts could also
use the results of these assessments to meet
Ohio's new graduation requirement in the arts;
grant credit for credit flexibility programs; and
determine college and career readiness.
-Get
the evidence-based model (EBM) right for arts education.
The OAAE appreciates that there is a mechanism
through the School Funding Advisory Council to
review and make recommendations regarding the
provisions for arts education included in Am.
Sub. HB1.
The School Funding Advisory Council's
School
Learning Environments
Subcommittee is reviewing
the
"adequacy" of the EBM related to arts
education and teacher compensation, and the State
Board will be adopting spending rules for the EBM
in the near future. The OAAE recommends the
following regarding these provisions:
a)
Number of Specialist Teachers:
The
formula used to determine the number of
specialist teachers (arts and physical education
teachers) in Ohio's EBM is based on the work of
school funding experts Allan Odden and Lawrence
Picus.
According to their research, the formula for
specialist teachers allows classroom
teachers to
have "one period
a day for collaborative planning
and
professional development", which works-out to
be 20 percent of classroom teachers in grades K-8
and 33 percent in grades 9-12. (Allan Odden and
Lawrence Picus, School Finance, A Policy
Perspective, McGraw Hill, 2007)
The
number of specialist teachers determined
through Ohio's EBM is 20 percent of classroom
teachers in grades K-8, and 25 percent of
classroom teachers in grades 9-12.The OAAE
recommends that the number of specialist teachers
allocated through the EBM represent what is
needed for students to achieve the academic
content standards in the fine arts; be aligned to
Operating Standards for Ohio's Schools (which
includes courses of study, sufficient time for
instruction, credentialed teachers, assessments);
and reflect the components of a quality arts
education program outlined in national
Opportunity to Learn Standards in the Arts.
(National Consortium of Arts Education
Associations, Opportunity to Learn Standards in
the Arts, 1995)
b) Spending Rules
-- Flexibility:
The OAAE understands
that Ohio's school districts
need
some flexibility in spending rules for the
EBM in order to meet the diverse educational
needs of students and the special circumstances
of school districts. But, we also believe that
the EBM spending rules should consider more than
student achievement on state assessments when
granting waivers from the rules, especially for
content areas without a student assessment.
The
OAAE recommends that the ODE and the State
Board of Education consider other factors when
granting waivers for the spending rules, such as
the following:
·Is the school district meeting Operating
Standards for Ohio's Schools? Is the school
district providing regular and sequential
instruction in the arts based on their courses of
study in the arts?
·Is the number of specialist teachers the school
district employs higher or lower than the number
funded through the evidence-based model?
·How much is the school district spending on
professional development for specialist teachers?
c)
Teacher Compensation:
Teacher
compensation must be based on clear goals
and "incentives" that are fair for all teachers,
including those in content areas without an
assessment of student achievement, such as the
arts.
The OAAE recommends that arts educators be
fairly
integrated into teacher
compensation plans, which
should
be based on defined goals for effective
instruction and student learning across the
curriculum; include multiple measures of student
achievement and teacher effectiveness; encourage
professional growth; and anticipate and address
unintended consequences. (Center for Educator
Compensation Reform, "The Other 69 Percent",
August 2009.)
5)
Restore the music/theatre consultant position
at the ODE so that there are two arts consultants.
There are more than ten thousand arts educators
teaching in Ohio's traditional public schools.
Currently the ODE has one full-time arts
consultant, but before 2006, and going back as
far as the 1970s, the ODE had two full-time arts
consultants for music/theatre and visual
art/dance to provide support for art
educators and arts education programs.
The
arts include four distinct content areas:
dance, drama, music, and visual arts. These
disciplines have unique content, pedagogy,
research, and histories. Arts consultants support
arts educators in the field through leadership
and service. They respond to inquiries about
standards, curriculum, and licensure from
educators, administrators, and the public; attend
and participate in the professional development
conferences and meetings of the professional arts
organizations; provide professional development
to the field; inform arts educators about
initiatives at the ODE and how they can become
involved; create tools for arts educators;
represent the arts at the ODE so that the latest
research in arts education is integrated into the
work of the ODE; apply and participate in grant
writing, such Race to the Top; and generally
represent the arts at state events, competitions,
exhibitions, and more.
In the future
the academic content standards in
the
fine arts are scheduled for revision once
standards and the model curriculum in the other
content areas are complete. A music consultant at
the ODE will provide the knowledge and experience
necessary to guide the standards revision
process, and assist music/theatre teachers in the
next stage of implementing the standards and
developing the model curricula.
Following
the presentation Board members asked questions about the following:
-Are there guidelines already available to
support the development of quality arts programs
in schools?
-How
would a state assessment in the arts be used? What would be its purpose?
-How would spending more at the district level on
the arts affect student achievement?
-Should the arts be an elective or part of
the Core curriculum?
-How are
the arts involved in the creation of jobs in Ohio?
-Can dance be used for physical education?
-Will you be willing to participate in the
development of the new content standards?
-Do you feel like Ohio is losing teachers in the
arts because of the loss of funding for
professional development or other reasons?
CHAPTER
119 HEARING
A Chapter 119 Hearing
was held regarding rule
3301-3-01
to 07, Information Technology Centers.
No one testified.
COMMUNITY SCHOOLS APPEAL SUBCOMMITTEE
The Community Schools Appeal Subcommittee,
chaired by Ann Womer-Benjamin,
continued its
meeting from March
2010, and proceeded with a
hearing
regarding the Goal Digital Academy's
request to be categorized as a drop-out
prevention and recovery school so that a waiver
could be obtained regarding the closure provision
that would otherwise apply.
MEETING ON APRIL
13, 2010
STAKEHOLDER PRESENTATIONS
The Board received a presentation from the Ohio
Coalition for the Education of Children with
Disabilities and the Ohio Association for Gifted
Children.
OHIO COALITION FOR THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
WITH DISABILITIES
Margaret Burley, executive director for the
Ohio
Coalition for the Education
of Children with
Disabilities,
presented information to the Board
about
the Coalition and how special education
programs in school districts are funded in Ohio.
According to the presentation,
-approximately 15 percent of students in Ohio
have been identified as students with disabilities
-June 2009 data show that 70 percent of young
people who are in the Department of Youth
Services' facilities have IEPs, and have been
identified as students with disabilities.
-Ohio has one of the lowest numbers of "due
process hearings" in the nation, with less than
50 hearings a year, due in part to the work of
Parent Mentors. Many states have 1100-1200
hearings a year.
The presentation
identified the following issues
regarding
support for students with disabilities
in Ohio:
-The new school funding formula (HB1) for
students with disabilities is
a decade behind in
the level
of support needed to provide services
for students with special needs. The new funding
formula still provides 90 percent of FY2001 costs.
The
former school funding system was based on the
cost of services and school district wealth, and
seemed to be a "working system", although it was
funded at 90 percent.
"We
are expecting schools to bring those children
to high academic standards but without the
resources to really get the job done."
-The new school
funding formula makes it
difficult
to follow how school districts are
spending
funds for special education, since the
funds go into the General Revenue Fund.
-The State Board
of Education is still a party to
a
federal lawsuit, Doe v. State of Ohio, which
was one of the first state school funding
lawsuits filed back in the early 1990s. This case
focuses on the school funding formula for
students with special needs. It puts the State
Board of Education and Ohio in an untenable
position, because the formula discriminates
against students with disabilities, which
are a
protected class under
federal law.
"No where in the evidence-based model
does it
ever talk about increasing
funding to 100 percent
to what
the formula is developed to provide."
-The classroom
ratios of twenty to one included
in
the EBM are not research-based or included in
any State Board of Education rules for student
with disabilities, and so no one understands
where the 20 to 1 rule in the evidence-based
model came from.
-The Coalition
believes that a per pupil formula,
where
the dollars follow the child, would lead to
the least restrictive environment placement.
-There
are a number of costs that were not
factored
in the evidence-based model, such as
assistive technologies.
-Catastrophic funding was reduced in the last
budget from $19 million to $10
million. These
funds are used
to rescue school districts with
very
high costs for special education.
-One of the most puzzling aspects of the new
school funding formula is the
lack of support for
special
education preschool. Currently there are
over 1000 special education preschool units (one
third of the number of preschool special
education units) that have no state support.
-The
current level for determining special
education preschool unit funding is the state
minimum teacher salary for 1989, which, at that
time, was $17,500.
-Funding special
education adequately should be
the
number one funding priority for the State
Board of Education as it develops its next
biennial budget.
-There is also a long-standing teacher shortage
for special education teachers.
Special education
teachers are
moving out of urban areas and have
high
mobility. The State Board of Education
should develop a plan to recruit and retain
special education teachers.
-The ODE made
a positive move when it received
approval
to hire 14 new employees for the Office
of Exceptional Children in the Ohio Department of
Education.
-Project MORE, an effective, research-based
reading program for students
with disabilities,
should be
funded in the future ODE budget
recommendations.
The program was funded in
previous
budgets and cost $650,000 each year.
-The Parent Mentor project, which is supported
by
a budget of $1.3 million
per year, should
continue to
receive support and be expanded.
-The ODE should continue to support funding
for
school psychologist interns,
which cost $2.7
million.
Board members asked the following questions:
-How is the teacher-student ratio funded in the EBM?
-What special education services are working
well for students?
-What should
be the formula for special education
students? How is accountability for special
education funding determined?
-What are the special education priorities for the ODE's FY12-13 budget?
-How are special education preschool units funded?
-Why are so many students with disabilities
entering the prison system?
-How
can we avoid the over-identification of
children with disabilities, especially
African-American males?
OHIO ASSOCIATION FOR GIFTED CHILDREN (OAGC)
The Board received a presentation from Ann
Sheldon, Executive Director of the Ohio
Association for Gifted Children (OAGC) and Sally
Roberts, OAGC President and a Gifted Coordinator
in the Huber Heights School
District. The OAGC
was founded
in 1952 and is the oldest association
for gifted children in the country. The OAGC has
more than 1200 members and over thirty local
affiliate organizations in Ohio.
The
presentation identified the following issues
related to gifted education in Ohio:
-Approximately
280,000 students or 16 percent of
students
in Ohio, are identified as gifted across
four areas: superior cognitive, specific
academic, creative thinking, and visual and
performing arts.
-The number of
gifted students served has
decreased
from 70,667 in 2007/2008 school year to
60,733 in the 2008-2009 school year.
-State funding
supported services for
approximately
20 percent of students identified
as
gifted and another 7 percent were served
through local funds last year, compared to 48
percent served in 1998.
-There are huge
service inequities for gifted
students
in Ohio, because in the past not all
school districts applied for gifted unit funding.
100 school districts do not provide any gifted
services.
-The accountability system exacerbates the
inequity of the system, because
there is no state
mandate to
provide services to gifted students
and
there is no report card measure. The new
gifted performance indicator required by HB1
should provide information about gifted services
provided by school districts and student
achievement.
-Funding for
gifted education was changed by HB 1
so that all districts now receive gifted funding
for both identification and service; all gifted
funding has a state share applied; funding is no
longer tied to units; the gifted maintenance of
effort provision is in place for the current
biennium; and a performance indicator for gifted
education on the local report card is required.
-There
are significant issues for gifted
education
during this transition period,
2009-2011.
Because HB1 did not require
maintenance
of services or staff levels (just
state
spending levels for gifted), school
districts
are reducing staff and services for
students.
The following are policy and legislative
recommendations for gifted education proposed by
the OAGC:
-Include phased-in mandate language in the Ohio
Administrative Code or Revised Code to ensure
that gifted services are not reduced even as more
state funding is provided.
-Base the formula
for gifted coordinators on
organizational
units rather than ADM in order to
maintain
consistency in the funding model.
-Evaluate the salary levels for gifted
coordinators and gifted intervention specialists
to make sure that they are sufficient.
-Relate the maintenance of effort for school
districts and Educational Service Center to the
2009 level of gifted services/staff rather
than
state spending levels.
-Evaluate the spending formula for the identification of gifted students,
-Clarify language for enrichment activities to
ensure that gifted students have access to AP and
PSEO courses.
-Revamp Ohio's accountability system to ensure
that an excellent rating on the report card means
that excellent school districts are providing all
students of various needs with excellent
educational opportunities across a continuum of
services. For example, 85 school districts rated
excellent had ACT scores below the state average;
106 excellent school districts had college
remediation rates above the state average; 51
excellent school districts offer no AP courses;
135 excellent school districts report less than
50 percent of graduates enter college; and 206
excellent districts report less than 50 percent
of their graduates took the Ohio Core curriculum.
-Evaluate
cut scores for accelerated and advanced
scores, because there is no accelerated or
advanced material on any of the grade level Ohio
Achievement or Ohio Graduation tests.
-Reward
school districts for promoting acceleration opportunities.
-Allow
students to take state assessments when
they are ready to show mastery rather than based
on age and grade level.
-Require the
SBE (rather than each school
district)
to set cut scores for exiting national
exams, such as AP, ACT end of course exams, to
facilitate students participating in credit
flexibility.
Board members
asked the following questions:
-Is
the reduction of services for gifted a trend?
-Is there accountability for funds for gifted education?
-Is there a problem with EMIS and data on gifted education?
-Should students in teacher education programs in
colleges take courses in gifted education?
-What percentage of students in special education courses
are also gifted?
-Could you keep
us informed about the state of
gifted
education as the SBE moves forward?
-What
do you think of the proposal in the
Advocacy
and Outreach Subcommittee to reduce the
number of categories for gifted education;
require LEAs to provide services for students
with superior cognitive abilities; and require
gifted students to be re-evaluated?
-Is there any thing in operating standards that
triggers a reassessment of a student when the
student's grade slips or something else happens?
-Is the EBM, or the former school funding system, better for gifted education?
-The excellent district analysis in the
presentation begs a response, and perhaps there
should be a change in the way that we identify
excellent school districts.
21st CENTURY LEARNING SUBCOMMITTEE
The Board received a presentation from the 21st
Century Learning Subcommittee, chaired by Steve
Millett. Deputy Superintendent Marilyn Troyer
and Erin Joyce made the presentation which
included a summary of the work of the
subcommittee, including its charge, and the an
analysis of the question: What
does a 21st
century learning
environment look like in Ohio?
According to the presentation, to answer that
question the subcommittee needed
to answer
several other questions,
such as what is the
definition
of 21st century knowledge and skills?
what are the various roles that are needed in a
21st century learning environment? how can the
subcommittee reach out to local school board
members? what future trends do we need to focus
on? and how is the subcommittee's work connected
to the Partnership for 21st Century Skills?
Using
a process that included research on 21st
century learning environments, future trends, and
an analysis of common themes and priorities, the
subcommittee developed the following
recommendations:
-Next generation
of standards, curriculum, and assessments:
Revise, align, and integrate Ohio's standards,
curricula, instruction and assessment to
effectively embed the teaching and learning of
21st Century knowledge, skills, and behaviors (as
identified by he EDGE Subcommittee) into the core
curriculum, creating a world-class education
system that is benchmarked to international
standards. Develop methods and metrics to
evaluate Ohio's education system and measure its
effectiveness in preparing students for success
within the 21st Century global economy.
-Strategic
Focus on Student Learning and Achievement:
Provide an infrastructure to support a
student-centered personalized learning system
that does the following: challenges the student,
is based in an international context, is tied to
outcomes, is evidence-based, is relevant to
the
student, and is directed
a closing gaps in
achievement
among student groups.
-Stakeholder engagement, cooperation, and
mutual respect:
Engage in meaningful
collaboration to ensure the
sustainability
of Ohio's vision for 21st century
learning.
-Integrating technology with learning environments:
Integrate technology with effective traditional
learning methods; expand learning
environments to
include virtual
and remote learning; expand
access
to high quality e-learning and online
content; encourage virtual cooperation among
schools, museums, universities, foundations, and
other educational partners; develop methods and
tools for 21st century learning; and support
learning environments with adequate data systems
preK through higher education to inform decisions
and improve education.
The recommendations
were included in a resolution
for
the Board to consider at its business
meeting. Next steps include implementing an
outreach program for local boards of education
and stakeholders in May; address the
recommendations during the June retreat; and
continue to develop specific strategies within
each recommendation area.
BUSINESS MEETING
The Board convened its business meeting following
lunch, and held an executive session.
Following the executive session the Board
received the report of the Superintendent of
Public Instruction, Deborah Delisle, who
presented information about the following topics:
-Clark
Montessori Junior/Senior High School in
Cincinnati, OH was selected as one of six
finalists for the first annual Race to the Top
High School Commencement Challenge. The
Commencement Challenge was launched in February
by the U.S. Department of Education, which
invited the nation's public high schools
to
submit applications.
President Obama will attend
the
commencement ceremony of the winner of the
competition and give the commencement address.
-Ohio
has been selected to participate in the
first Partnership Generation Labs for the
Partnership for the Next Generation of Learning
by the Council of Chief State School Officers.
-Cleveland,
Ohio has been selected by the Great
City
Schools, the National Governor's
Association, and the American Federation of
Teachers to roll out the Common Core in Ohio.
Ohio is one of six states selected.
-The
School Funding Advisory Council will next meet on April 27, 2010.
-The
compliance monitoring report from the U.S.
Department of Education, Office of Special
Education Programs concerning Ohio's Office of
Exceptional Children identified eleven, out of
800 federal regulations for special education,
that the ODE is required to improve, including
monitoring procedures and data collection.
-The
Ohio is addressing several issues regarding
maintenance of effort requirements for K-12 and
higher education and the use of funds for the
State Fiscal Stabilization Fund under the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
-Ohio's
Phase II plan will include an incentive
to participate for school districts that would
have received very little funding through the
Title I funding formula prescribed in the RttT
guidance. In accordance with the federal
guidelines for disbursement, the ODE will
establish a "funding floor" for eligible school
districts and community schools. Funds to support
the funding floor will come from the state's
share of RttT funds.
The Board then voted on the report and
recommendations of the Superintendent (please see
resolutions below); considered old business and
new business; received reports from Board members
and committees, and adjourned.
Following
the Board meeting there was an optional
budget information session on school improvement
services and initiatives to support educators,
presented by Cynthia Lemmerman, Associate
Superintendent, Center for School Improvement
Services; Lou Staffilino, Associate
Superintendent, Center for the Teaching
Profession; and Kelly Weir, Director, Office of
Budget and Planning.
RESOLUTIONS
Resolutions considered by the State Board of
Education at their business meeting on April 13,
2010:
Approved five personnel resolutions and the following:
#2
Approved a Resolution of Intent to amend Rule
3301-24-11 of the OAC entitled Alternative
Principal License.
#3
Approved a Resolution to Revise proposed
amended Rule 3301-35-04 of the OAC entitled
Student and Stakeholder Focus.
#4 Approved a Resolution of Intent to consider
confirmation of the Carrollton Exempted Village
School District's determination of impractical
the transportation of certain students attending
the St. James School, a chartered non-public
school, Stark County.
#5 Approved a Resolution of Intent to consider
confirmation of the Lake Local School District's
determination of impractical the transportation
of certain students attending the St. Joseph's
School, a chartered non-public school, Portage
County.
#6
Approved a Resolution of Intent to consider
the proposed transfer of school district
territory from the Mariemont City School
District, Hamilton County, to the Indian Hill
Exempted Village School District, Hamilton
County, pursuant to Section 3311.24 of the ORC.
#7 Approved a Resolution of Intent to consider
the proposed transfer of school district
territory from the Miami Trace Local School
District, Fayette County, to the Washington Court
House City School District, Fayette County,
pursuant to Section 3311.24 of the ORC.
#8 Approved a Resolution to accept the
recommendation of the hearing officer and deny
the transfer of school district territory from
the North Fork City School District, Licking
County, to the Newark City School District,
Licking County pursuant to ORC Section 3311.06.
#9 Approved a Resolution to approve the agreement
of the Board of Education of the Norton City
School District, Summit County, and the Barberton
City School District, Summit County, to transfer
school district territory pursuant to section
3311.06 of the ORC.
#14 Approved a Resolution to amend Rule
3301-51-05 of the OAC entitled Procedural
Safeguards.
#15 Approved
a Resolution to adopt the removal of
the inclusion of report-only indicators (also
called measures of a rigorous curriculum) on the
local report card.
#16 Approved a Resolution to oppose HB 353
(Huffman), which authorizes school districts to
sell commercial advertising space on school buses.
#17 Adopted the Recommendations of the 21st Century Learning Subcommittee.
#18 Approved a Resolution in support of Goal
Digital Academy's application for a dropout
prevention and recovery waiver
pursuant to
Section 3314.36
of the Ohio Revised Code.
#19
Adopted a Resolution not to appeal Judge
Hogan's order for a permanent injunction
prohibiting the ODE from releasing certain
personal information about department licensees
in the case OEA v. Ohio ODE.
5)
Updates from the ODE:
*The School Health Services Advisory Council,
created by House Bill 1, submitted
recommendations to Governor
Ted Strickland on
March 31,
2010. The Council was created to
address
three topics outlined in Section 3319.71
(A) of the Ohio Revised Code regarding the
following:
-The content
of the course of instruction
required
to obtain a school nurse license;
-The
content of the course of instruction
required to obtain a school nurse wellness
coordinator license; and,
-Best
practices for the use of school nurses and
school nurse wellness coordinators in providing
health and wellness programs for students and
employees of school districts, community schools
and STEM schools.
The report is
available at
http://education.ohio.gov/GD/Templates/Pages/ODE/ODEDetail.aspx?page=3&TopicRelationID=513&ContentID=82084&Content=84031
IDES OF ODE: The April 15, 2010 issue of the
Ohio Department of Education's IDES of
ODE
includes information on
a number of topics
including
Phases I, II, and III of the standards
revision process for English language arts, math,
science, and social studies; information about
the administration of Ohio Achievement Tests and
Ohio Graduation Tests; plus information about
education meetings and initiatives around the
state. The following are highlights from the
latest IDES of ODE, which is available at
http://education.ohio.gov/GD/Templates/Pages/ODE/ODEPrimary.aspx?page=2&TopicID=1368&TopicRelationID=1368
*Ohio's Comprehensive Educational System is being
revised in three phases. Phase
I will be
complete in June 2010
when the State Board of
Education
(SBE) adopts revised academic content
standards in English language arts, math, science
and social studies.
Recent drafts
of content standards in science and
social
studies are available for comment on the
ODE website until April 19, 2010.
http://education.ohio.gov/GD/Templates/Pages/ODE/ODEDetail.aspx?Page=3&TopicRelationID=1696&Content=84176
Versions of revised standards for English
language arts and math (referred to as the Common
Core State Standards) are available at
http://www.corestandards.org/
Phase II includes the development of the model
curriculum, and is currently in progress. The
curriculum will include Content
Elaborations,
Learning Expectations,
Instructional Strategies
and
Resources, etc. and be posted for public
comment in the fall. Teachers will have
opportunities over the next months to participate
in regional discussion groups about the model,
and submit instructional strategies and other
recommendations to support the model. The model
curriculum is scheduled to be adopted by the SBE
in March 2011.
Phase III includes
the development of assessments based on the new standards.
Following
Phase III the ODE will commence the
revision
of standards for the fine arts,
computers
(technology), foreign languages,
financial
literacy, and business.
*The 2010 Ohio Arts Education Survey was launched
during the week of March 15,
2010. Principals
received individual
e-mail messages with
instructions
and unique Web addresses to use in
completing
the survey, which is due April 30,
2010.
Completing the survey will provide
valuable information that will be used to chart
the future of arts education in Ohio's schools.
For more information, please contact Nancy
Pistone, ODE, at (614) 466-7908, or Donna
Collins, Ohio Alliance for Arts Education, at
(614) 224-1060.
6)
Bills Introduced
*HB494 (Stebelton) Academic Standards: Allows
more time for the adoption of
standards and model
curricula
for science, social studies, and
financial
literacy and entrepreneurship.
*SB248 (Gibbs) Community Reinvestment Area:
Lengthens the period for which
certain structures
in a Community
Reinvestment Area may be exempted
from
property taxation.
*HB487 (Foley) Real Property Transfer Tax:
Authorizes an increase in the
real property
transfer tax up
to $4 per $1000 of value, and to
require
that any revenue from the tax in excess
of $3 per $1000 of value be used by the county
for providing housing.
*HB492 (Coley)
Delinquent Real Property Tax
Collections:
Removes the minimum population
criterion
governing which counties may employ
delinquent
real property tax collectors thereby
allowing counties with populations below 200,000
to employ collectors.
7)
Arts Day is April 21, 2010: Celebrate Arts
Day in Ohio on April 21, 2010 with advocates for
the arts and arts education. This day long
event, demonstrating public value and support for
the arts, is sponsored by Ohio Citizens for the
Arts Foundation, and includes an arts advocacy
briefing, legislative visits
by high school
students, Statehouse
tours, student exhibitions
and
performances, and the 2010 Governor's Awards
ceremony and luncheon. The awards ceremony and
luncheon are presented in partnership with the
National Endowment for the Arts and Ohio
Government Telecommunications. Media sponsors
include The Columbus Dispatch, Dayton Daily News,
Ohio Cable Telecommunications Association, Ohio
Magazine and Time Warner Cable. Additional
support is received from Allied Sources.
The
2010 Governor's Awards for the Arts were
selected from 79 nominations submitted by
individuals and organizations throughout Ohio.
Winners will receive an original work of art by
Cleveland photographer Larry Kasperek. The
following are the categories and recipients for
2010:
-Arts
Administration, Kevin Moore and Marsha Hanna, Human Race
Theatre, (Dayton)
-Arts Education, Sylvia Easley (Cleveland Heights)
-Arts Patron, Jim and Enid Goubeaux (Greenville)
-Business support of the arts, American Electric Power (statewide)
-Community Development and Participation, Donna Sue Groves (Manchester)
-Individual Artist, Andrew Hudgins, poet (Columbus)
Arts Day was created to foster a greater
awareness of the value of the arts in Ohio.
Citizens are encouraged to participate in
Arts
Day by visiting with state
legislators and
communicating
the need for public support of the
arts
and arts education.
For more information about Arts Day please
visit
http://www.oac.state.oh.us/News/NewsArticle.asp?intArticleId=536